2013 국회직 8급 영어 문제 해설 - 2013.7.6.

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2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 1 - 영 어 1. Which of the following is a correct statement? The development of individual characters in the epic is apparent in the readiness and resistance with which they meet the directives of fate. Juno and Turnus both fight destiny every step of the way, and so the epic's final resolution involves a transformation in each of them, as a result of which they resign themselves to fate and allow the story, at last, to arrive at its destined end. Dido desires Aeneas, whom fate denies her, and her desire consumes her. Aeneas preserves his sanity, as well as his own life and those of his men, by subordinating his own anxieties and desires to the demands of fate and the rules of piety. Fate, to Virgil's Roman audience, is a divine, religious principle that determines the course of history and has culminated in the Roman Empire. ① The power of the gods stands above the power of fate. ② Aeneas eventually arrives at his destined end, Dido. ③ Often the fate is associated with the strong will of heroes. ④ Dido loses the support of Carthage's citizens and is dethroned. ⑤ The direction and destination of Aeneas's course are preordained. 2. Which of the following best completes the blank? In 1857, Alfred Russell Wallace sent Darwin a paper regarding the evolution of species. Wallace's theory was very similar to Darwin's. Wallace's paper and a sketch of Darwin's theory were presented at the Linnean Society. Darwin decided to produce an "abstract" of a longer book on evolution that he was working on, ___________ let anyone else take credit for an idea he had been developing for more than twenty years. ① so Wallace ② so as not to ③ so that he ④ if not to ⑤ in order to ※ [3～4] Read the following passage and answer the questions. Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s as an era of decayed social and moral values, evidenced in its overarching cynicism, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure. The reckless jubilance that led to decadent parties and wild jazz music resulted ultimately in the corruption of the American dream, as the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals. When World War Ⅰ ended in 1918, the generation of young Americans who had fought the war became intensely disillusioned, as the brutal carnage that they had just faced made the Victorian social morality of early-twentieth-century America seem like stuffy, empty hypocrisy. The dizzying rise of the stock market in the aftermath of the war led to a sudden, sustained increase in the national wealth and a newfound materialism, as people began to spend and consume at unprecedented levels. A person from any social background could, potentially, make a fortune, but the American aristocracy―families with old wealth―scorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators. 3. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? ① After World War Ⅰ, Americans enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. ② People's scramble for wealth was the consequence of the postwar economic boom. ③ There were clashes between "old money" and "new money." ④ World War Ⅰ veterans had a deep trust in the Victorian social morality. ⑤ After World War Ⅰ, young Americans did not believe in social and moral values. 4. Choose the one that best represents the meaning of American dream in the passage? ① An attitude of overarching cynicism. ② The passionate life with the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure. ③ The belief that a person from any social background could make a fortune in a fair way. ④ Americans' ability to spend and consume as much as they want. ⑤ The ethos of American aristocracy scorning the newly rich industrialists. 2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 2 - 5. Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the three parts to complete the passage? The third major block to creative problem-solving lies in the assumption of a fixed pie: the less for you, the more for me. Rarely if ever is this assumption true. First of all, both sides can always be worse off than they are now. (A) This may take the form of developing a mutually advantageous relationship, or of satisfying the interests of each side with a creative solution. (B) Chess looks like a zero-sum game; if one loses, the other wins ― until a dog trots by and knocks over the table, spills the beer, and leaves you both worse off than before. (C) Even apart from a shared interest in averting joint loss, there almost always exists the possibility of joint gain. ① A - B - C ② A - C - B ③ B - A - C ④ B - C - A ⑤ C - B - A 6. Choose the underlined part that is not grammatically correct. In 2012, the 24-year-old set out to become the youngest Israeli to summit Mount Everest, with five years of ice climbing and three years of Israel Defense Forces training under his belt. Yet none of his training prepared him for the crowds he encountered at Everest base camp 18,000 feet ①on sea level. Ben Yehuda often climbed alone and welcomed run-ins ②with other adventurous souls, but there he found hundreds of people at the base of the world's highest peak. "It was like looking at the Woodstock festival," he said. "I saw all of those tents and I thought, 'Is it possible that all of the ice climbers in the world are here?'" With 10 deaths last year, the third-deadliest Everest climbing season on record, questions are being raised ③about the safety of granting government permits to so many climbers. ④Until the late 1970s, only a handful of climbers reached the top each year. The number topped 100 ⑤for the first time in 1993. By 2004, it was more than 300. Last year? More than 500. 7. Which of the following is not a reason that Dr. Matt and her team make a woman run on a treadmill? Without at least a minimal amount of stress to give us energy, we could not get through the day. However, a very stressful lifestyle can have a negative effect on our bodies. Dr. Kathy Matt and her colleagues are investigating what stress does to a body, and proving that stress is not just psychological, but physiological as well. When our body experiences physical stress, it produces two hormones that give us energy: adrenaline and cortisol. It also produces them in cases of psychological stress. Dr. Matt and her team have assembled a series of tests to show the effects of stress on the body. While running on a treadmill, the woman's body releases a lot of stress hormones, but she's also exploiting every bit of energy they create. However, when she is stressed psychologically instead of physically, the same hormones are created. The problem is that the type of energy they provide is not compatible with the situation of test-taking at a desk, because the physical energy cannot be used. Too much cortisol erodes the bones, weakening them and making them more likely to break. This could create problems that have an impact on longevity, perhaps taking years off a person's life. Therefore, it is important to exercise regularly. Putting the body through the stress of exercise is one way to relieve psychological stress, thereby preventing its harmful effects. And, it keeps a body lean by burning off extra calories, too! ① to test the effects of stress on human body ② to make her body experience physical stress ③ to make her body produce stress hormones ④ to make her body psychologically stressed ⑤ to examine stress hormones changing to energy 8. Choose the one that is most opposite in meaning to the underlined part. His vigorous denunciation of Utopian cosmopolitanism prevents his being considered an internationalist. ① loath ② enigma ③ virulency ④ trepidation ⑤ panegyric 2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 3 - 9. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? The Government of the United States had long stated that democracy was one of the cornerstones of U.S. society, and therefore also that support for democracy should be reflected in U.S. foreign policy. But following the Second World War, dictatorships of various types continued to hold power over many of the world's most strategically and economically important regions. Many of these dictatorships were pro-capitalist, consistent with at least some U.S. ideological goals; thus the United States would form alliances with certain dictators, believing them to be the closest thing their respective nations had to a legitimate government ― and in any case much better than the alternative of a communist revolution in those nations. This struggle posed a question: if the end result was, in any realistic case, destined to be a dictatorship, should the U.S. not try to align itself with the dictator who will best serve American interests and oppose the Soviets? ① "The more the better" principle ② "Lesser of two evils" principle ③ Democracy or capitalism principle ④ Democracy or communist revolution principle ⑤ "Take it or leave it" principle 10. Which of the following best completes the blanks (A) and (B)? So now we must set ourselves very seriously to finding this gentleman, and (A) what part he has played in this little mystery. To do this, we must try the simplest means first, and these lie undoubtedly in an advertisement in all the evening papers. If this fails, I shall have (B) to other methods. (A) (B) ① abetting ― resort ② relaying ― aversion ③ underpinning ― reply ④ determining ― reliance ⑤ ascertaining ― recourse 11. Which of the following is a correct statement? One of the most well-known postmodernist concerns is "deconstruction," a concern for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by Jacques Derrida. The notion of a "deconstructive" approach implies an analysis that questions the already evident structure of a text in terms of presuppositions, ideological underpinnings, hierarchical values, and frames of reference. A deconstructive approach further depends on the techniques of close reading without reference to cultural, ideological, moral opinions or information derived from an authority over the text such as the author. Derrida implies that the world follows the grammar of a text undergoing its own deconstruction. Derrida's method frequently involves recognizing and destroying the structure of the meaning of a given text and the problematic implications of binary oppositions within the meaning of a text. ① In literary criticism, deconstruction is a reading strategy that Jacques Derrida proved valueless. ② It is possible to use deconstruction as a critical reading of a literary text only. ③ Deconstruction destroys the structure of the totalizing meaning of a given text. ④ Deconstruction denies postmodern mode of literary writing and reading. ⑤ Deconstruction is a reading of society and world in general, and it employs the events that occurred only in the past. 12. Choose the underlined part that is not grammatically correct. Nearly two years ago, when Obama administration officials ①were just beginning a search for a successor to FBI Director Robert Mueller, James Comey was on the short list. ②His broad law enforcement experience was a biography that all but spoke for itself. ③But that some analysts say makes him the ideal choice now, just as the White House and Justice Department ④are entangled in a series of national security controversies, ⑤is an unusual brand of independence rooted in his role as a former appointee of the George W. Bush administration. 2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 4 - 13. Which of the following best completes the blanks (A) and (B)? Basho's masterpiece begins, "Each day is a journey, and the journey itself home." His words are on my mind (A) I prepare to walk in the footsteps of this great poet, along his narrow road he followed through Japan over 300 years ago. I, too, have brought writing materials and will keep a journal of my impression along the way. In the centuries (B) his death, Basho has become many things to many people ― wise man, outsider artist, wanderer, and above all, a great poet. (A) (B) ① if ― after ② as ― since ③ when ― owing to ④ because ― despite ⑤ although ― since 14. Which of the following best completes the blank? The controversy over baseball star Mark McGwire's use of two performance-enhancing drugs has been largely swept aside by the American media after the National League and McGwire's St. Louis Cardinals declared that the substances were legal, over-the-counter diet supplements whose use did not violate league rules. But the main issue is not the legality of the drugs, creatine and androstenedione, or whether they gave McGwire an unfair advantage, but the long-term health risks which the home run hitter is taking as he pursues the record of 61 home runs set by Roger Maris in 1961. The Association of Professional Team Physicians, whose members work as team doctors in baseball and several other U.S. sports, has recommended that androstenedione be taken off the over-the-counter market and banned from all professional sports. A statement from the group notes that androstenedione is chemically a steroid, and that its long-term complications include acne, breast enlargement, personality disorders, and liver and heart problems. Under the profit system, however, such risks are __________ by the enormous financial windfall which the owners and media bosses are reaping from the record-breaking home run pace set by McGwire. McGwire has played before sold-out crowds in every stadium around the league. ① dwarfed ② augmented ③ ennobled ④ underscored ⑤ rightly emphasized 15. The passage implies that modern man tends to prefer _____ _____________ . We still have, in short, all the weapons in the arsenal of satire: the rapier of wit, the broadsword of invective, the stiletto of parody, the Damoclean swords of sarcasm and irony. Their cutting edges are bright and sharp; they glisten with barbs guaranteed to stick and stay stuck in the thickest hide, or stab the most inflated Polonius in the arras. Yet though they hang well-oiled and ready to our hands, we tend to use them separately and gingerly. We are afraid of hurting someone's feelings or of being hurt in a return bout. We tremble at the prospect of treading on someone's moral corns. We are too full of the milquetoast of human kindness. We always see the Other Side of the Case, always remember that our Victim may have a Mom who loves him, always fear that we may be setting him back a few hundred hours in his psychiatric progress toward the Terrestrial City of Perfect Readjustment. Oh, yes. We poke and pry a bit. We pin an errant butterfly to a board or two. But for real lessons in the ungentlest of the arts we must turn back to the older masters. ① material wealth ② literary allusions ③ a spirit of satire ④ a feeling of aggressiveness ⑤ a sense of security 16. Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the four parts to complete the passage? (A) In the case of microwave ovens, the commonly used wave frequency is roughly 2,450 megahertz. (B) These waves boast another interesting, related property, too: They're not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics. Metal reflects microwaves, which is why metal pans don't work well in a microwave oven. It's also why the devices have metal walls ― for reflection. (C) Waves in this frequency range have an interesting property: They're absorbed by water, fats and sugars. Once absorbed, they're converted directly into atomic motion ― heat. (D) Not surprisingly, a microwave oven uses microwaves to heat food. Microwaves are a type of wave that are sandwiched between radio waves and infrared radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum. ① A - B - D - C ② C - B - A - D ③ C - D - A - B ④ D - A - C - B ⑤ D - B - A - C 2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 5 - 17. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? Schwartz discusses the significance of common research methods that utilize a Happiness Scale. He sides with the opinion of psychologists David Myers and Robert Lane, who independently conclude that the current abundance of choice often leads to depression and feelings of loneliness. Schwartz draws particular attention to Lane's assertion that Americans are paying for increased affluence and freedom with a substantial decrease in the quality and quantity of community. What was once given by family, neighborhood and workplace now must be achieved and actively cultivated on an individual basis. The social fabric is no longer a birthright but has become a series of deliberated and demanding choices. Schwartz also discusses happiness with specific products. For example, he cites a study by Sheena Iyengar of Columbia University and Mark Lepper of Stanford University who found that when participants were faced with a smaller rather than larger array of chocolates, they were actually more satisfied with their tasting. ① Utility of decisions ② American affluence ③ Paradox of choice ④ Happiness Scale ⑤ Freedom of choice 18. The underlined clause if at all in the end may be reduced from ____________________________________________ . Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple of hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. Decanting (the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing) is a controversial subject among wine enthusiasts. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows the removal of bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles, but aeration may benefit younger wines. During aeration, a younger wine's exposure to air often "relaxes" the drink, making it smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally "fade" (lose their character and flavor intensity) with extended aeration. Despite these general rules, breathing does not necessarily benefit all wines. Wine may be tasted as soon as the bottle is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all. ① if you plan to immediately taste the wine at all ② if you actually allow to aerate the wine at all ③ if you determine the quality of wine at all ④ if you prefer older wines to younger wines at all ⑤ if you believe in extended aeration for older wines at all 19. Choose the underlined part that is not grammatically correct. The National Assembly on Tuesday passed a supplementary budget bill aimed at jump-starting the economy ①that has been lost steam in the face of tough economic conditions at home and abroad. ②After a three-week tug-of-war between the ruling and opposition parties, Parliament gave the nod to the 17.3 trillion won extra budget in a 130-69 vote, ③with 27 blank ballots. The government submitted the bill on April 18. Of the total, the amount of 12 trillion won ④has been set aside to fill the government's expected revenue shortfalls, while the remaining 5.3 trillion won has been allocated for spending to stimulate the economy. It is the second-largest supplementary budget in the country's history. In 2008, the government drew up a record extra budget of 28.4 trillion won ⑤to cushion the impact of the global financial crisis. 20. Choose the one that is most opposite in meaning to the underlined part. The marathoner did not realize that the pinnacle of her running career would not be reached until after her fortieth birthday. ① acme ② nadir ③ apex ④ neophyte ⑤ culmination 21. Which of the following best completes the blanks (A) and (B)? Somewhere between these extremes is the United States. Initially, the 2009 stimulus package shored up the safety net. But there are warning signs that health trends are (A) . Prescriptions for antidepressants have soared. Three-quarters of a million people (particularly out-of-work young men) have turned to binge drinking. Over five million Americans lost access to health care in the recession because they lost their jobs. Preventive medical visits (B) as people delayed medical care and ended up in emergency rooms. (A) (B) ① intact ― increased ② worsening ― rose ③ worsening ― dropped ④ improving ― rose ⑤ improving ― dropped 2013년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가 - 6 - ※ [22-23] Read the following passage and answer the questions. Antibacterial hand sanitizers are marketed to the public as an effective way to "wash one's hands" when traditional soap and water are not available. These "waterless" products are particularly popular with parents of small children. Manufacturers of hand sanitizers claim that the sanitizers kill 99.9 percent of germs. Since you naturally use hand sanitizers to cleanse your hands, the assumption is that 99.9 percent of harmful germs are killed by the sanitizers. Recent research suggests that this is not the case. Hand sanitizers work by stripping away the outer layer of oil on the skin. This usually prevents bacteria present in the body from coming to the surface of the hand. However, these bacteria that are normally present in the body are generally not the kinds of bacteria that will make us sick. In a review of the research, Barbara Almanza, an associate professor at Purdue University who teaches safe sanitation practices to workers, came to an interesting conclusion. (A) The manufacturers of the products test the products on inanimate surfaces hence they are able to derive the claims of 99.9 percent of bacteria killed. If the products were fully tested on hands, there would no doubt be different results. (B) She notes that the research shows that hand sanitizers do not significantly reduce the number of bacteria on the hand and in some cases may potentially increase the amount of bacteria on the hand. (C) So the question arises: how can the manufacturers make the 99.9 percent claim? (D) The Food and Drug Administration, in regards to regulations concerning proper procedures for food services, recommends that hand sanitizers not be used in place of soap and water but only as an adjunct. Likewise, Almanza recommends that to properly sanitize the hands, soap and water should be used. A hand sanitizer cannot and should not take the place of proper cleansing procedures with soap and water. 22. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ① Do hand sanitizers really kill 99.9 percent of germs? ② In what respects do hand sanitizers differ from soap? ③ The most effective way of cleansing hands. ④ A new research on the functions of bacteria. ⑤ Why should we use soap and water instead of sanitizers? 23. Which of the following is the most logical sequence of the four parts to complete the passage? ① A - C - D - B ② B - C - A - D ③ B - D - C - A ④ C - A - B - D ⑤ C - B - D - A 24. Which of the following best completes the blank? There is a common lament that there are no more heroes... That perception is wrong. I have spent the last two years interviewing 51 people from 40 countries about the nature of courage. Imprisoned, tortured, threatened with death, these women and men spoke to me with compelling eloquence on the subjects to which they have devoted their lives and for which they are willing to sacrifice them ― from free expression to women's rights, from environmental defense to eradicating slavery. Among them are the internationally celebrated, including Nobel Prize laureates. But most of them are __________ beyond their national boundaries. ① trapped ② revered ③ hostile ④ eminent ⑤ unsung 25. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. In those private moments of play, something ordained my future and sealed my fate. As a boy, I dreamed of being either an actor or a classical guitarist; I grew up instead to become a political journalist, a job I worked hard at for a while before having the good fortune to become a golf writer. More important, at several particularly difficult moments in my life, when I drifted away from the game and even seemed to lose sight of my life's purpose, my father was always there to shepherd me back to golf, and myself. ① darkened ② improved ③ brightened ④ determined ⑤ intimidated