2023 국회직 8급 영어 문제 해설 - 2023.4.22.

 

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 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 1 - 영 어 1. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word. Efforts by European governments to shield households and businesses from higher energy costs have obvious benefits, not least mitigating inflationary pressures. But they carry much larger costs, which the European Commission should be highlighting, rather than ignoring. ① worsening ② increasing ③ alleviating ④ enhancing ⑤ aggravating 2. Which of the following best fits in the blank? A food desert is an area or neighborhood where people, for various reasons, have to fresh, whole, and healthy foods. A lot of people tend to use the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) definition: “in urban food deserts, a significant percentage of the neighborhood’s residents live more than one mile away from a fresh food provider such as a supermarket or farmers’ market; in rural areas, a food desert must be at least ten miles away from a fresh food source.” ① limited access ② uneasy moments ③ complicating emotions ④ limited distribution ⑤ uneasy preference 3. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? We should think of Cultural Intelligence as being something ①that we can continuously improve and ②develop over the duration of our lives. The difficulty is in acquiring it. We do this ③through our experiences, but also with knowledge ④impart by other people whom we trust—and who trust us ⑤enough to give us their knowledge. 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? Obesity represents the most serious health problem in theUnited States today. Almost 60 percent of adults in the USare either overweight or obese. This is not just a problemof appearance. Obesity often leads to serious health problemssuch as diabetes, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and evensome forms of cancer. Medical professionals typically define obesity using theBody Mass Index (BMI). BMI can easily be calculatedthrough dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by thesquare of the person’s height in meters. A normal or healthyBMI would be less than 25. A person with BMI between 25and 29.9 would be considered overweight. A BMI of 30 to34.9 is mildly obese, while 35 to 39.9 is substantially obese. People with BMI measures of 40 and over are consideredextremely obese. ① More than half of Americans have a BMI over 30. ② Anyone with a BMI over 30 will develop cancer. ③ More than 60 percent of Americans do not know their BMI. ④ Few Americans have a BMI over 35. ⑤ A person is usually considered obese if his or her BMI is 30. 5. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people think cockroaches are disgusting. And if you’ve ever turned on a kitchen light, to find them skitteringfor dark corners, you probably agree. But of the thousands of species out there, only a few can be considered pests. Thereare well over 4,000 described species of cockroach around theworld, with some experts estimating that there are another 5,000 species that have yet to be classified by taxonomists. Their classification is actually a point of contention—and I won’t take a position on which suborder they’re in, or howmany families they consist of. An estimated 60 to 70 speciescan be found in the continental United States, but most people are likely to interact with no more than a dozen of them—depending on where they live. ① All cockroaches are harmful. ② There might be around 9,000 species of cockroach in theworld according to some experts. ③ There is consensus about what sub-type 5,000 unclassifiedspecies of cockroach are in. ④ Most Americans can encounter about 24 different kinds ofcockroach in their homes. ⑤ It is easy to figure out how many families cockroacheslive in in the United States. 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 2 - 6. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? In some cases, a state may be externally sovereign in the sense of being independent and of not belonging to another state. However, its national tasks may be controlled from the outside, for example by a dominant neighboring state. International cooperation and integration between states make it increasingly difficult to argue that all public power in a state comes from the people or another internal source of sovereignty. International cooperation, and the creation of permanent international organizations that comprise several states, is increasingly necessary. Technological progress in the area of transportation and communication has made it more and more irrelevant where goods and services are produced, a trend captured by the term globalization. As people and economies become interconnected, decisions taken in one state may have an impact on the people in another state. ① A State and its National Tasks ② Public Power and Sovereignty ③ Global Technological Progress ④ International Relationship and Independence ⑤ Globalization and International Cooperation 7. Which of the following is true about Hendra according to the passage? In Sept. 1994, a violent disease began among a group of racehorses in a small town in Australia. The first victim was a female horse that was last seen eating grass beneath a fruit tree. Within hours, the horse’s health declined rapidly. Three people worked to save the animal—the horse’s trainer, an assistant, and a veterinarian. Nevertheless, the horse died two days later, leaving the cause of her death uncertain. Within two weeks, most of the other horses in the stable became ill as well. All had high fevers, difficulty breathing, facial swelling, and blood coming from their noses and mouths. Meanwhile, the trainer and his assistant also became ill, and within days, the trainer was dead, too. Laboratory analysis finally discovered the root of the problem: The horses and men had been infected by a virus, Hendra. This virus had originated in bats that lived in the tree where the first horse had been eating grass. The virus passed from the bats to the horse, then to other horses and to people—with disastrous results. ① Its symptoms in humans include high fevers, difficulty breathing, and facial swelling. ② It can be fatal to both humans and horses. ③ Horses got infected after eating the contaminated grass near the stable. ④ It can be transmitted from humans to animals. ⑤ Humans got infected directly from bats. 8. Which of the following is the most logical sequence tocomplete the passage? We often worry about what others will think of us becauseof our clothes. But researchers are beginning to think that our clothing has an equally powerful effect on how we seeourselves. Researchers report that there is science behind our style. (A) The scientists also believe that other kinds of symbolicclothes can influence the behavior of the people wearingthem. A police officer’s uniform or a judge’s robe, for example, increases the wearer’s feeling of power or confidence. (B) In their research, researchers had some participants wear white lab coats similar to the ones scientists or doctorswear. Other participants wore their normal clothes. Theparticipants took a test that measured their ability to payattention. (C) The people wearing the white coats performed better thanthe people in regular clothes. Researchers think that thewhite coats made the participants feel more confident andcareful. ① (A) - (B) - (C) ② (A) - (C) - (B) ③ (B) - (A) - (C) ④ (B) - (C) - (A) ⑤ (C) - (A) - (B) 9. Which of the following best fits in the blank? Nine judges, called Justices, work for the Supreme Court, and they all listen to every case presented to them. ThePresident chooses the people that he wants to serve on theCourt, and the Senate confirms or rejects each of thePresident’s choices. He or she will remain on the SupremeCourt for life. It is a great honor to be selected to serve onthe Supreme Court, because it shows that the President andthe Senate trust you to interpret the Constitution fairly. TheSupreme Court has the power of . This meansthey have the power to determine if a law is constitutional. If the Justices decide the law does not line up with theConstitution, the law is invalid forever. It is a very difficult job, and often the Court is split 5-4 on tough decisionsbecause everyone reads the Constitution differently. ① judicial review ② social discourse ③ legislative action ④ legal organization ⑤ extrajudicial opinion 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 3 - 10. Where does the given sentence best fit in the passage? This piece of evidence leads experts to believe that the underground city was built to protect the city’s residents from enemies. In 1963, a resident of the Cappadocia region of Turkey was doing some renovations on his house. When he knocked down one of his walls, he was surprised to find a hidden room carved into the stone. He explored the room, and found that it led to an underground city. (A) The underground city is over 60 meters deep—deep enough for 20-story building. (B) It contains massive stone doors that could only be opened or closed from the inside. (C) More than 20,000 people could hide inside it. Over 600 doors lead to the city, hidden under and around existing homes. The hidden city had its own religious centers, livestock stables, kitchens, and even schools. (D) However, experts are not sure exactly how old the underground city is, because any records of its construction and use have disappeared. (E) ① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E) 11. Which of the following best fits in the blank? . The Portion Cap Ruling, commonly known as the soda ban, was to restrict the sale of sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces in restaurants, movie theaters, sports arenas and delis. The New York State Court of Appeals issued its final decision on the Portion Cap Ruling. The New York City Board of Health, in adopting the ‘Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule’, exceeded the scope of its regulatory authority. Without any legislative delegation or guidance, the Board engaged in law-making and thus violated the legislative jurisdiction of the City Council of New York. ① New York City lost its final appeal to limit the sale of sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces. ② Portion sizes have grown exponentially over the years and rates of obesity have skyrocketed. ③ We need to change our food environment if we want to reduce obesity rates. ④ The negative effects of sugary drink over-consumption on New Yorkers’ health are evident. ⑤ We hope that we can all work together to promote a healthier food environment for our children to grow up in. 12. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? The Titanic was the most magnificent ship. It had luxuriesand all comforts. It had electric light and heat, electricelevators, a swimming pool, a Turkish bath, libraries, etc. Most of the passengers were emigrants ①who were comingto America with hopes of a better life. The Titanic began tocross the Atlantic ocean on April 10. Nobody on the shiprealized how much danger the ship was in. On April 14, at 11:40 p.m., an iceberg ②was spotted straight ahead. Thecaptain tried to reverse the direction of his ship, but hecouldn’t because the Titanic was traveling too fast and it was too big. It hit the iceberg and started to sink. TheTitanic originally had had 32 lifeboats, but 12 of them③hadbeen removed to make the ship look better. While the shipwas sinking, rich people ④had put on the lifeboats. By thetime the third-class were allowed to come up fromtheir cabins, most of the lifeboats ⑤had already left. 13. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Early movie star Anna May Wong, who broke intoHollywood during the silent film era, will become the first Asian American to appear on US currency, a century after she landed her first leading role. Wong’s image, with her trademark blunt bangs and pencil-thin eyebrows, will featureon the back of new quarters from Monday. The design is thefifth to emerge from the American Women Quarters Program, which highlights pioneering women in their respective fields. The other four quarters, all put into production this year, feature poet and activist Maya Angelou; the first Americanwoman in space, Sally Ride; Cherokee Nation leader WilmaMankiller; and suffragist Nina Otero-Warren. The latter twowere, along with Wong, selected with input from the public. ① Maya Angelou and Sally Ride were chosen by publicsupports. ② Wong’s honor signifies a shift in the Hollywood’srepresentation of women. ③ Anna May Wong was never recognized for herachievements during her lifetime. ④ Wong was the only woman considered for the AmericanWomen Quarters Program. ⑤ Five new quarters are produced to recognize pioneeringwomen from various fields in the US. 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 4 - 14. Which of the following best fits in the blank? Have you ever been told not to say something? It is very common for families to have rules about what can or cannot be said at home, but governments do the very same thing. When a government passes a law restricting what people or organizations can say, it is called . ① detention ② oppression ③ censorship ④ persecution ⑤ crackdown 15. Which of the following best fits in the blank? When most people think of the Civil Rights Movement and the people who led it, they think of Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and other men. But in reality, women were very important participants in the movement. Though women at the time were expected to , many women became leaders of organizations and protests. However, they are often forgotten in history. Rosa Parks is the most well-known woman in the Civil Rights Movement, but the way her story is told makes her seem like more of a symbol than the important leader that she really was. ① implement the rules ② activate their thoughts ③ rebel against society ④ participate more actively ⑤ play a background role 16. Which of the following is NOT grammatically correct? Marine debris which is known to cause entanglement ①includes derelict fishing gear such as nets andmono-filament line and also six-pack rings and fishing bait box strapping bands. This debris can cause death bydrowning, suffocation, strangulation, starvation throughreduced ②feeding efficiency, and injuries. Particularly affected③is seals and sea lions, probably due to their veryinquisitive nature of investigating objects in their environment. Entanglement rates in these animals of up to7.9% of a population ④have been recorded. Furthermore, insome instances entanglement is a threat to the recovery of already ⑤reduced population sizes. An estimated 58%of seal and sea lion species are known to have been affected byentanglement including the Hawaiian monk seal, Australiansea lions, New Zealand fur seals and species in the SouthernOcean. 17. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?When it comes to making a cup of coffee, capsules have areputation for being environmentally unfriendly, as they areoften hard to recycle. While coffee is prepared in a variety of ways, coffee capsules have risen in popularity. Despite their popularity, capsules have long divided coffee drinkers whoare conscious of the effect their caffeine habit has on theenvironment. The small plastic or aluminum pods have beencriticized for being energy-intensive to produce and for causing unnecessary waste. But new research by theUniversity of Quebec in Canada suggests that pods may not be as wasteful as preparing coffee using a traditional coffeemaker, looking at the broader life cycle of a single cup fromproduction to the amount of waste that ends up in a landfill. ① Capsules are wasteful and should be banned. ② New research suggests how to reduce the amount ofwaste from making coffee. ③ All coffee drinkers look for environmentally friendlyproducts. ④ Capsules may not be as wasteful as other coffee-makingmethods. ⑤ Capsules are the most popular way of making coffee inthe world. 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 5 - 18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? When cases increase and transmission accelerates, it’s more likely that new dangerous and more transmissible variants emerge, which can spread more easily or cause more severe illness. Based on what we know so far, vaccines are proving effective against existing variants, especially at preventing severe disease, hospitalization and death. However, some variants are having a slight impact on the ability of vaccines to guard against mild disease and infection. Vaccines are likely to stay effective against variants because of the broad immune response they cause. It means that virus changes or mutations are unlikely to make vaccines completely ineffective. WHO continues to constantly review the evidence and will update its guidance as we find out more. ① when variants show up ② the effectiveness of vaccines ③ how vaccines respond to variants ④ what makes vaccines always work ⑤ the role of WHO 19. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? The James Webb Space Telescope can add another cosmic accomplishment to its list: The space observatory has been used to confirm the existence of an exoplanet for the first time. The celestial body is almost exactly the same size as the Earth. The rocky world is 41 light-years away in the Octans constellation. Previous data collected by NASA had suggested the planet might exist. A team of researchers, led by staff astronomers Kevin Stevenson and Jacob Lustig-Yaeger observed the target using Webb. “There is no question that the planet is there. Webb’s pristine data validate it,” Lustig-Yaeger said in a statement. The planet’s discovery was announced Wednesday at the 241st meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle. ① The Indispensable Role of NASA in Astronomy ② The James Webb Space Telescope’s Discovery of a Planet ③ How to Use Space Exploration for Scientific Research ④ How Many Exoplanets the James Webb Space Telescope Has Found ⑤ The Controversy over the James Webb Space Telescope’s Capability 20. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Something was happening to books in 2020 that questionsabout human existence really were encouraging reading. Certainly, as the first reports came in of pandemic booksales, it did seem that people were at least buying morebooks. In the UK, physical book sales rose by 6 percent inthe week prior to the first national lockdown, paperbackfiction sales increased by 35 percent week on week, andWaterstones reported a 400 percent increase of online salesweek on week. Physically closed, libraries reported significant growth in new digital users, with Hampshire County Council, for example, seeing an increase in loans of 770 percent. InDenmark, statistics showed that book sales increased by 5.6percent in 2020 despite shops being closed. In addition, morepeople than ever subscribed to book streaming services in2020. ① In 2020 people had less interest in questions about humanexistence. ② The pandemic created a moment for boosting sales ofbooks. ③ More books were sold in Denmark than in the UK. ④ More people than ever visited libraries in 2020. ⑤ The pandemic has stimulated Denmark’s economy. 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 6 - 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? While relationships impact the bottom line in any organization, in the not-for-profit world relationships take on even greater importance. Whether you run the local soup kitchen or a membership organization for civil engineers, maintaining good relationships with your members, volunteers, and donors is critical to your success. In part, this comes from the fact that nonprofits are often seen as not really being businesses, even though many of them have multibillion dollar budgets. But the biggest reason that relationships matter to nonprofits is that the very nature of the operation relies on goodwill and volunteerism. Relationships are the foundation of the reputation and awareness that your public relationships and other marketing efforts have built. And without those relationships chances are no one would be donating or volunteering for anything. So if you don’t have strong communal relationships with your constituencies, your organization will soon cease to survive. This is why it is critical to continuously measure the nature and efficacy of your relations. ① The success of a non-profit organization depends on the strength of its relationships with key stakeholders. ② The role of non-profit organizations is important for the survival and success of society. ③ People can make a lot of money based on the public relationships with major organizations. ④ Non-profit organizations do not necessarily focus on marketing for publicity. ⑤ People tend to donate and volunteer for the sake of enhancement of their own self-efficacy. 22. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of thepassage? The majestic structures of ancient Rome have survived for millennia. But how did their construction materials help tokeep giant buildings like the Pantheon and the Colosseumstanding for more than 2,000 years? Roman concrete, inmany cases, has proven to be longer-lasting than modernconcrete, which can deteriorate within decades. Now, scientists behind a new study say they have uncovered themystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so durable and build elaborate structuresin challenging places such as docks, sewers and earthquakezones. A research team analyzed 2,000-year-old concretesamples from a city wall in central Italy. They found that white chunks in the concrete, gave the concrete the ability toheal cracks that formed over time. The white chunkspreviously had been overlooked as evidence of poor-qualityraw material. ① The History of Roman Engineering ② The Durability of Ancient Roman Concrete ③ The Use of Concrete in Modern Construction ④ The Challenge of Building Structures in Earthquake Zones⑤ The Discovery of a New Type of Concrete in Ancient Rome23. Which of the following best fits in the blank? The term “herd behavior” comes from the behavior of animals in groups, particularly when they are in a dangeroussituation such as escaping a predator. All of the animalsband closely together in a group and, in panic mode, movetogether as a unit. It is very unusual for a member of theherd to stray from the movement of the unit. The termalsoapplies to human behavior, and it usually describes largenumbers of people acting the same way at the same time. It often has a(n) , as people’s actions aredriven by emotion rather than by thinking through asituation. Human herd behavior can be observed at large­scale demonstrations, riots, strikes, religious gatherings, sports events, and outbreaks of mob violence. When herdbehavior sets in, an individual person’s judgment andopinion-forming process shut down as he or sheautomatically follows the group’s movement and behavior. ① rational reasoning ② difference with animals ③ feature of objects ④ demonstrative event ⑤ implication of irrationality 2023년도 8급 공개경쟁채용시험 영 어 책형 가- 7 - 24. Which of the following is the most appropriate title of the passage? California has been struck by a final round of storms, bringing more rain and snow to a state. Rain and snow were expected Monday overnight and into early Tuesday morning in parts of the state. Although weather should improve this week, many areas are currently at risk of floods and landslides. Storms have battered California in recent weeks, flooding communities and forcing evacuations. The back-to-back deluges have eroded roads and felled trees, making each successive storm more liable to cause serious damage as soils weaken. One to three feet of snow fell in parts of California’s Sierra Nevada range over the weekend. As of Monday, eight million people remain under flood watch on California’s central coast, and more than 38,600 customers in the state remained without power on Monday. ① The Biggest Loser of Californian Weather ② How to Prepare for the Unpredictability of Rain and Storm ③ Devastated California after a Series of Storms ④ The Causes and Consequences of Floods in California ⑤ California’s Self-Inflicted Disaster of Snow Storms 25. Which of the following is the most logical sequence to complete the passage? SHANGHAI, June 9 — Tens of thousands of students and others held a protest rally and marched through the streets of this city today in a demonstration of continued defiance of the Communist leadership. (A) Estimates of the crowd by reporters and diplomats ranged from about 40,000 to more than 100,000. The rally, coming amid reports that security police were making arrests of participants in the democracy movement in Beijing, reflected a contrast between the two cities. (B) While the atmosphere in Beijing is solemn and fearful, the events of the day in Shanghai indicate a mood of continued anger and defiance in China’s largest and economically most important city. (C) The demonstrators, led by students from Shanghai’s many universities and technical institutes, marched to recorded funeral songs lamenting the thousands killed in Beijing when troops crushed the protest movement there. ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B) ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)